The Importance Of Rivers Environmental Sciences Essay

Rivers have been extremely beneficial to men in all elements of the earth from the very early times. They provide drinking water to slake the thirst of men, to fertilize their lands, to supply a way of communication for the products that transport from place to place, provides food, energy, recreation, and of course water for irrigation and for drinking. it is an essential factor and the single most significant commodity in our lives. Without river, existence wouldn't be possible (www.language123.blogspot.com).

Globally, according to a new study from the American Meteorological Society's Journal of Weather, because of global climate change, Various rivers all over the world are losing water... Huge populations depend on a number of the rivers for everything from agriculture to clean drinking resources, including the Yellow River, the Ganges, the Niger, and the Colorado, that have all proven significant declines (Hans,HYPERLINK "http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0422-hance_rivers.html" 2009).

Water, the lifeblood of countries is being squandered. In California, citizens go on with their lives and way of life and waste valuable water on important projects which support sector, their recreational and domestic demands. Even normal water to the loaf of bread basket of the country, the huge Imperial Valley location where vegetables and fruits are grown for the country, water has been rationed in order that ten million toilets can be flushed daily, more lawns watered, a million automobiles cleaned in car washes. We are massive buyers of earth's information and waste normal water outrageously. But it takes an outrageous amount of normal water to keep an economy radiant, to restart the monetary engine so that we move out of a recession (Bergsma, 2009).

In the Philippines, especially in Pasig River is considered as one of the Worlds's contaminated rivers now. The US Development Program article entitled "Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and global drinking water crisis; said that the pollution load in Pasig river today accounts for seventy percent of human waste materials. But that was already old information. The division of Environment and organic resources 2003 pollution report stated that the Pasig River had been dead, in nature. Sad to say, the DENR explained that the conjugal waste products and industrial waste products in the river had been still being deserted every day. The Pasig river, before the years of large scale development was compared time before to the Grand Canal of Venice. In line with the US Development Programme survey, "Problem may be the mud supervision and discarding facilities are unusual" which and might show the way in to the river to the haphazard waste products dumping, having an unwell results on health (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2006).

In Davao City, Rosendo Almonte, manager of the Environment and Watershed Protection Division of the Davao Metropolis Normal water District, said that the utilization of commercial pesticides and fertilizers in the plantation possessed affected the watershed areas in the northern portion of the town that slowly but surely contaminated our water information. 20 years from now, our watershed and rivers will come to be polluted. In Gravahan River, Matina, Davao Metropolis, the Riverside are of many garbage waste. You can see human waste materials floating on the river children swimming in the river aswell. Hence, this made the experts analyze the said River.

Literature Review

This segment discusses the related literatures which encompass in this research which include the views the different authors consequently. The subsequent are literatures gathered from books, journals, internet, and additional studies on the subject of this problem. Also, this section will flash to present approaches of the study process. These in conjunction with the author's experience and other tribulations certain to the applied issue. These are the follows:

Quality of Water. Normal water is vital for life. We might go for days and even weeks with no food, however loss of life will happened carrying out a few days without water. It functions as a solvent medium for nutrients, poisons, and waste material, and works to move nutrition to and from the cells via bloodstream. This can be a solution portion in knowing the quality of our lives. Nowadays, residents are concerned with the grade of the water they drink. Before it gets to the consumer's tap, it comes into contact with many different substances, including organic and natural and inorganic matter, chemical compounds, and other contaminants. Drinking water is vital that you the technicalities of the body. Without it, our body cannot work. In fact, all the cell and organ features made up inside our whole anatomy and physiology depend on water because of their functioning. Water also helps in avoiding some diseases (Margaret, 2009).

Physico-chemical Properties. According to Helen Anderson and David Cummings, Melbourne, TDS is documented in milligrams of dissolved solid in one liter of drinking water (mg/L). Parts per million (ppm) is equivalent to mg/L but it isn't a favored device. EC measures the fee carrying capacity of liquid in a measuring cell of specific dimensions. It's important to plainly define the products of both conductance and duration when talking ECs. To say water sample is 2000 EC, is like saying a table is 2000 lengthy, without specifying millimeters, centimeters or meters. The typical EC unit employed by the Victorian Salinity Software and the Murray Darling Basin Commission is certainly micro Siemens per centimeter (µS/cm) at 25oC. You will nevertheless see other units and should be aware of the relationships between them. µS/cm pertains to other units as 1000 µS/cm = 1 deciSiemen/metre (dS/m); 1000 µS/cm = 1; milliSiemen/centimetre (mS/cm) and 10 µS/cm = 1 milliSiemen/metre (mS/m), (Department of Primary Industry March, 2010).

According to Sherlie Sharp, there is no "normal" pH that applies to all fish. Because fish originate in ponds, rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans which may have different pH levels, their needs will vary. Saltwater fish prefer an alkaline pH of 8.0 or previously mentioned. Freshwater fish thrive in a range lower than that, somewhere between 5.5 and 7.5, according to the specific species. Improvements in the pH, specifically sudden changes, can prove harmful as well as fatal to fish . As the pH rises it does increase the toxicity of chemicals such as ammonia. It is a crucial factor to monitor through the break-in of a fresh tank. pH adjustments are specifically hard on youthful and sick fish. In several species of fish, breeding occurs simply within a specific pH range (Sharp, 2006).

Dissolved oxygen examination measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved within an aqueous solution. Dissolved oxygen is one of the most crucial parameters in aquatic devices. This gas is an absolute requirement for the rate of metabolism of aerobic organisms and also influences inorganic chemical substance reactions. Therefore, knowledge of the solubility and dynamics of oxygen distribution is vital to interpreting both biological and chemical processes within water bodies. Oxygen gets into drinking water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (fast movements) and as a waste materials product of photosynthesis. The volume of dissolved oxygen gas is usually highly reliant on temperature. Atmospheric pressure also has an impact on dissolved oxygen. The number of oxygen (or any gas) that can dissolve in pure water (saturation point) is normally inversely proportional to the temperatures of normal water. The warmer the normal water, the less dissolved oxygen (www.kywater.org). Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen's existence in water is a positive sign, but low levels certainly are a sign of extreme pollution. Water with consistently high levels of dissolved oxygen is considered healthy and capable of supporting many different kinds of aquatic organisms. In order for a water body to sustain tepid to warm water fish like bluegill, bass, and pike, the dissolved oxygen level must be at least 4 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Dissolved Oxygen in water generally comes from one of two sources. Most Dissolved Oxygen originates from the atmosphere as waves and tumbling water blend atmospheric oxygen. Another way to obtain Dissolved Oxygen originates from plants as they go through photosynthesis. Significantly less than 4 mg/L is bad; 4 - 10 mg/L is good, and more than 10 mg/L means Excellent, (www.sciotoswcd.org). Health Risks. Relating to DOH, River and lake normal water may contain microorganisms such as for example bacteria, infections or parasites that can make a person unwell if they enter your body. Since most swimmers face these organisms by swallowing the water, people are less likely to get sick if indeed they wade or swim without placing their head under water or steer clear of swallowing river normal water (DOH, June 2009).

The Centers for Disease Control estimates that in america 900,000 people becomes ill each year from waterborne attacks. Globally, it is estimated that waterborne diseases are responsible for over 2 million deaths every year, mostly among children beneath the age of 5. This is the exact carbon copy of 20 jumbo jets crashing every day and represents about 15% of most child loss of life in this generation. Examples of such disease will be Typhoid fever and cholera, due to bacterias that are shed simply in human being feces. About 100 years back, the journal of the America medical association reported that the Typhoid fever mortality amount in Chicago acquired declined from 159.7 per 100,000 persons in 1891 to 31.4 per 100,000 in 1894. More than one billion people worldwide don't have access to clean freshwater. More than two billion don't have adequate sanitation providers and the annual loss of life toll from water-borne disorders is estimated at more than five million (Manila Bulletin, 2006).

The treatment for all ill might just have been here all along. The usual water has verified such a highly effective solution to various health issues (The Philippine Star, 2005). A polluted physique of water such as for example polluted lake or river presents a completely different picture. Water could be the motor vehicle for transfer of a broad variety of microbial disorders, including bacterial diseases such, cholera and shigellosis. Waterborne epidemics of the diseases, however, are rare because of continual surveillance. Many waterborne illnesses are due to less familiar bacteria such as for example species of Yersinia and Campylobacter, and toxins-generating strains of Escherichia Coli. An emerging pathogen associated with contaminated water can be Vibrio vulnificus, a gram adverse bacterium that may cause serious disease in individuals with pre-existing liver disease or compromised immune systems. Viral illnesses transmitted by normal water include hepatitis A good, gastroenteritis due to Coxsackie or Norwalk virus, and in rare circumstances, polio. These diseases are usually related to fecal contamination of drinking water. Many protozoa type cysts that make it through for lengthy periods in water.

Human Activities. Pollution caused by household garbage, the diminishing margin of protection between septic

tanks and deep wells and pipes for potable normal water cause contamination to groundwater and exposed everyone to water-borne illnesses. There are three main resources of water pollution here in the Philippines - domestic/home (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent) and industrial (15 percent) (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2007).

Nearly everybody on earth lives in a river basin and everyone have contribution to make to prevent further damage to the environment. The threats facing river basins happen to be varied and interlinked and require holistic policies rather than efforts that target just one single aspect but can conclude being counter effective. He said if authorities become worried about climate switch and reducing water run-off, they will possibly build additional dams to store even more water which may cause more waters being extracted from the rivers and can build up ecological problems (French, 2007)

At the local front, country's scarcity of normal water resource is mainly brought about by deteriorating quality of water resulting from indiscriminate financial activities in the normal water shed leads to sedimentation and siltation of the drinking water resources. Another thing may be the disposal of stable and liquid wastes in to our rivers, lakes, canals, streams, marshes and swamps sooner or later contaminate ground normal water aquifers and coastal wastes (Manila Bulletin, 2009).

Citizen monitors are the first and sometimes the only line of defense for our water ways. There's often nobody else there searching (Sunstar Davao, 2007). In the Philippines, a lot more people will be dumping their garbage into the seas and rivers; thus, poisoning our marine lifestyle. Some species are over fished and so are therefore forced to the brink of extinction. Today, person is the greatest risk to marine biodiversity. Until a few hundred years back, humans had a comparatively small effect on the environment that damaged, even so, with the rapid increase in population, as well as the onset of the technical revolution (Manila Bulletin, 2007). That is now a warning, our surface waters are already highly contaminated and there's a high possibility that some of there waters may have previously percolated and contaminated our waters (Today, 2008).

Human activities normally affect the distribution, amount, and chemical quality of water resources. The range in human actions that affect the conversation of ground drinking water and surface normal water is broad (Publishing Services Center, 2008).

According to Erinn Soule, pollution in the sea is a major problem that is affecting the ocean and all of those other Earth, also. Pollution in the sea directly affects sea organisms and indirectly affects human health insurance and resources. Essential oil spills, toxic wastes, and dumping of other dangerous materials are major sources of pollution in the ocean. People should find out more on these because if people learn about pollution in the ocean, then they will know more about how to stop pollution,(www.helium.com).

Garbage dumping may be the dumping of harmful supplies into the ocean like human waste materials, ground-up garbage, water from bathing, and plastics. Almost all of the waste that has been dumped into the ocean in the first 1990's is still there today. One main cause of garbage dumping happens when sewage pipes promote their space with storm water drains. Rainfall triggers the sewage pipes to overflow and the sewage waste mixes with the storm water drain, which flows into another normal water source for instance a lake or river. After that, the garbage pollutes the sea, kills plants and pets or animals in the water (for instance, the plastic rings that remain pop cans can get around an animal's throat, causing it to suffocate), and makes the water dirty(library.thinkquest.org).

Whenever someone requires their boat onto the drinking water for a ride, it really is creating pollution which might be very harmful to the ocean life. Boating pollution is the pollution that originates from the boat's engine when it is operating, and it pollutes the water, killing animals with the chemical substances in the exhaust from the engine. The engine gives off surplus gasoline, which pollutes the waters and eventually ends up killing the animals,(library.thinkquest.org).

Theoretical Framework

This study is definitely anchored on Nightingale's theory gives importance on environment's reflected predominant concern when a human activity was a chief health problem. Nightingale supposed that disease was a reparative training course and that the exploitation of the patient's surroundings--ventilation, warmth, light, diet plan, cleanliness and noise would devote to the reparative procedure and the fitness of the patient. She did not subscribe to the germ theory, even so, asserting that dirt, sewer gases, and other environmental contagion produced condition (Tomey, 2002).

Nightingale regularly stressed health promotion and disease avoidance. The foundations for good health were; housing, tidy water and air, good nutrition and good child attention. Nightingale described that placing individual in the best condition for nature to act upon them, emphasizing touch and kindness together with the healing houses of the physical environment. It was Nightingale that made the idea explaining the partnership of the health condition with the surroundings, stating that poor environment conditions are bad for health insurance and good environmental state reduces disease, (Allender, 2001). And for Neuman's Health Care System Model, people are seen as an open program that frequently and reciprocally connect to the environment and that stressors can result from internal or external environment. Dorothea Orem's Self-care Deficit Theory focused on the concepts of personal care that are learned, and so are goal-oriented activities to preserve and encourage life, health, and well-staying. She explained that the persons needing nursing health care are those who lacks ability to self-care.

Health Belief unit by Becker and Rosenstack assumes that beliefs are essential contributors to health-seeking behaviors. Included in these are four beliefs which should combine to predict health-related behaviors. The beliefs mentioned were the perceived susceptibility of the disease or disability, perceived severity of the condition, perceived great things about health-boosting behaviors and perceived barriers to well being enhancing behaviors, including economic costs. The nurse has a huge role in helping your client interact with the environment in the growth and development stage. Being healthful is a lived, regularly changing experience. The client's wellbeing evolves during conversation with the environment, which may place them at risk or lead to good health. Another is Dorothy Johnson's theory (2001) that states that "The goal of Nursing is reduce pressure so that the client can move more easily through recovery processes. According to Johnson, the nurse assesses the client's needs in types of behavior, referred to as behavioral subsystems. Under usual conditions your client functions effectively in the environment. When stress disrupts normal adaptation, however, tendencies becomes erratic and less purposeful. The nurse identifies this inability to adjust and nursing care to resolve problems in interacting with the client's wants (Potter Perry, 2001). This ensures that there will be indications from your client that will show reactions to the disruptions of their behavior and that the nurse can recognize these oddities or alterations sample methodology, providing nursing care and attention and helping your client overcome these alterations. If residents nearby the river show changes such as for example diseases or their activities in everyday living are disrupted, then it is an indication that nursing processes be utilized to help the residents.

Conceptual framework

This diagram shows that human activities can be independent in heath when it comes to gastrointestinal and skin disorders and is certainly independent in the physico-chemical properties of the river such as for example salinity, drinking water ph, oxygen articles which ensures that daily activities of every individual specifically those live along the riverside will tremendously affect medical status of individual and the physico-chemical real estate of the river. River is definitely important to those persons especially who get their food from the river so that you can survive. It provides as a livelihood especially to those person that lived nearby the river. But due to the activities of human such as for example waste waste products and garbage disposa, swimming and angling, properties of river such as salinity, drinking water ph, oxygen content material will be afflicted which may alter the health of each individual as well.

Conceptual Model

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Physico-chemical Properties of Freshwater

Salinity

Water pH

Dissolved Oxygen

Profile of Respondents

Number of Family members

Moderator Variables

Statement of the Problem

1. What is the account of the respondents along Gravahan River Matina, Davao Metropolis, regarding number of family members?

2.) What's the physico-chemical real estate of normal water along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City in terms of: 2.1 Salinity; 2.2 Water pH; and 2.3 Oxygen content?

3.) What's the degree of Incidence of water-related illnesses (An associated wellness risk) of respondents Along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City, in terms of: 3.1 Gastrointestinal; and b 3.2 Skin?

4. What is the degree of perceived health risks of human actions of the respondents along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City, in conditions of human activities ?

5.) Will there be a big change in the perceived health threats of human actions and physico-chemical houses on profile of members of the family along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao Town when analyzed with regards to the number of family members?

Ho1 There is no significant difference in the perceived health risks of human activities along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao Town when analyzed with regards to the number of members of the family.

Definition of terms

Gastrointestinal disease

Refers to ulcerative disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Stomach acids and some enzymes can damage the liner of the G.I just. tract if natural protecting factors are not functioning normally.

Skin disease

A disease which involves the skin.

Salinity:

The saltiness or dissolved salt articles of a overall body of water.

pH:

Indicates the sample's acidity, but is actually a measurement of the potential activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in the sample.

Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO)

A relative way of measuring the amount oxygen that's dissolved or carried in a given medium.

CHAPTER II

METHODS

This chapter presents a thorough discussion of the study methods and types of procedures used. In addition, it includes the respondents, research instruments, data gathering procedures,and info analysis.

Research Design This review utilized the descriptive style method and experimental strategies which described the nature and characteristics of a particular phenomenon under investigation (Asperos, 2005). Furthermore, it was designed to provide information narritive essay on households, through relative randomly selected samples that ensured right representation of different areas through the entire perimeter of the region under study and be conducted as well so as to determine the physico-chemical articles of the river along Barangay Gravahan, Matina, Davao City.

In this study, the sampling and evaluation methods of data gathering were utilized aswell and measured distances along the river lender. First, this study used experimental approach. An experimental design can be a blueprint of the task that enabled the researchers to test the hypothesis by reaching valid

conclusions about human relationships between independent and dependent variables. It described the conceptual framework within which the experiment was carried out. Next was the descriptive style method. Descriptive research style was a valid way for researching specific topics and as a precursor to additional quantitative studies.

Scope and Limitations This review was concerned on the health risks of human actions and assessing the human actions practiced by family members of Barangay Gravahan, Matina Davao City through a primary source of facts. We conduct this study, the experimentation method previous February 01,2010. Purposely, we have chosen the head of the category of the households as the respondents in this study. It also aimed to recognize supervision practiced by these households in preventing such diseases that individuals might get in to the river. It dealt with the water sampling info and analyses about the physico-chemical real estate of the river. It served also as a focal point of reference in the future when other checks will be done. The area where the samples were taken is situated where there's a high concentration of individual residents, engaged in several kinds of livelihood or actions that the researchers also documented. The prohibitive expense of water evaluation limited the quantity of water samples tested. They planned to have samples in three (3) linked 15-meter long segments. The standard of water was also limited since the plan to take the normal water samples was only each morning. However the researchers hoped to obtain a bird's eye take on of the overall physico-chemical properties data outcomes when the river content was really reflective of the wastes from both guy and factories that utilize the river as a means of sewage, livelihood and origin. A round the clock sampling at frequent intervals would be more accurate.

Participants

There were only forty (40) citizens in Gravahan, Matina, Davao Metropolis who stood as respondents of this study. The heads of the families of the households were chosen as the respondents in this study. They stay in the immediate area and are the ones greatly affected by whatever is certainly in the river, whether bacteria or chemical compounds. The river acts as another route for the occupants to attain other places. They were randomly selected to stand for a certain area where differences of the variables on research were observable.

Instrumentation The data gathered through a most important source. Primary origin is a term used in several disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or thought being studied. The info about the human activities were taken from the profile data at the health table of Barangay Gravahan, Matina, Davao Metropolis. The questionnaire was useful to gather the data on of human actions practiced by the households. This questionnaire acquired two parts. The first part included the educated consent and the respondent's profile such as the name, age and home size; it included the actions they practiced aswell. Second component included a questionnaire that was for medical risks they had experienced. The respondents accomplished the device themselves in a paper and pencil/ball pen format. The purpose of applying questionnaire with such amount of structure was to ensure comparability of response to help analysis. The items had been enumerated and the respondents ticked and checked the corresponding item that's true to them.

The criteria that were found in the checklist were the next:

Numerical

Desciption

Interpretation

5

Always

Indicates that the activity is observed or experienced at all times

4

Often

Indicates that the activity is noticed or experienced in a consistent manner

3

Sometimes

Indicates that the experience is observed or experienced occasionally with brief interval of time.

2

Seldom

Indicates that the experience is observed or experienced once in a while with very long interval of time.

1

Never

Indicates that the experience is never observed or by no means experienced.

In physico-chemical properties test, water sampling from the region does not need very sophisticated resources or instruments. A stick or pole will be staked into the surface along the riverbank and will serve as a center point where distances will end up being measured along the banks and in to the river. At measured distances to the river (5-10 meters), water will be studied from the river, either from the river area or at particular depths. The containers will then be protected or capped, masking taped, and labeled to identify. At measured distances along the river lender from the point of origin, water will be taken once again from the river, capped, taped, and labeled. Following the required number of samples has been considered, these will become forwarded to the determined facility where in fact the analysis will be done, immediately.

Construction, validation, and distribution of the questionnaires. The questionnaires had been in person distributed to the respondents. Prior to the distribution, the respondents received proper orientation of the goals of the analysis. The respondents were given enough time to answer the questionnaire and to raise clarification concurrently. Then, the questionnaire is usually retrieved.

Seeking permission to conduct a study. The researchers wrote a letter to the Dean of the faculty of Nursing, asking permission to conduct a report protective purpose. Upon acceptance of the request, another letter was resolved to the Barangay Captain of Barangay Gravahan, Matina, for the acquisition of info about the human activities practiced locally and for the distribution of the questionnaires to the citizens.

Data Gathering Procedures The data were necessary for accomplishing the study's goals and were collected by means of primary way to obtain data. In this study, the researchers distributed earliest the questionnaires to the respondents personally. Then after, the researchers proceeded to the subject river for the normal water sampling. The researchers as well documented the properties of water along the river with the application of imaging devices such as camera or cell phones.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the answers of the various sub-problems raised in this review. They are as follows: (1) The profile of the respondents along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City in conditions of number of family. (2) The physico-chemical houses of water along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City when it comes to Salinity, Water pH, and Oxygen Content material. (3) The degree of Incidences of Drinking water Related Ailments (An associated overall health risk) of respondents Along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao City when it comes to gastrointestinala and skin. (4) the degree of perceived health risks of human being activity of the respondents along Gravahan River Matina, Davao City in conditions of Human Actions. (5) the significant difference in the perceived health threats of human activities along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City analyzed in terms of their number of members of the family.

The profile of the respondents along Gravahan River Matina, Davao Metropolis in terms of number of family members

The profile of the respondents along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao City in terms

of number of family on page 35 (36) implies that the family member of

three, four and six is certainly 18% that includes a frequency of 9. The quantity of family members of

five on the said spot is 12%, having a rate of recurrence of six. Another 10%, frequency of 5, has

family participants of seven. The family of eight and nine offers 2%, having a

frequency of 2.

Number of persons living together in a single house in fact it is a variable of superb interest to

those who study kids. Family size is an essential determinant of whether a family or

individual is poor for the reason that established poverty measure incorporates family members size. The size

of the family depends on; family income cost of children, wages, government transfers,

and preferences. Large family size will consequently bring about families' inability to

function well when it comes to childcare and ability to adequately educate children in the

family.

According to Debbie Madden-Derdich, Empirical studies regularly have found

a negative association between family members size and children's mental ability, intelligence, and

educational attainment. Although bigger families include positive attributes such as

increased friends and family socialization and dad involvement, increased family size also is

associated with an increase of authoritarian parenting, which, subsequently, can negatively impact a

child's self-esteem, self- differentiation, and ego identity (Derdich, 2008).

Large family size could be a crucial contributor to household poverty and are at

significantly risk in living at poverty than are children in little family (Orbeta, 2005).

Based on the result we gathered, majority has a short number of members of the family and

might not affect the status of the river regarding physico chemical properties.

The physico-chemical real estate of water along Gravahan River Matina, Davao City when it comes to Salinity, Drinking water pH, and Oxygen Content

The physico- chemical houses of water regarding salinity in downstream, midstream and upstream spot of Gravahan river does not contain a high volume of sodium since it does not go beyond 500 ppm which is definitely the boundary of great sodium articles of the river. In conditions of pH in Gravahan river is not alkaline or acidic since it includes a normal ph content in three several areas the downstream, midstream and upstream and will not exceed 8.0 as the boundary. In terms of dissolved oxygen gravahan river includes a sufficient level in the regions of downstream, midstream and upstream since it does not proceed below 3 ppm which considered extremely stressful or deadly to most aquatic organisms. Although Gravahan river includes a normal physico chemical houses it isn't the assurance that its certainly not polluted or safe to use since it is should be tested in a few aspects like presence of any bacteria that's is existence in the normal water which threatened the fitness of the people in the community (Weil, 2006).

According to Primer on Normal water Quality, that water coming out of an abandoned coal mine can contain a pH of 2, which is very acidic and would definitely affect any seafood crazy enough to attempt to reside in it. Gravahan river has a sufficient sum of dissolved oxygen in order for the survival of living organism in the river and the dissolved oxygen of the gravahan river will not get below 3 ppm maybe there is no factories and power plants that happen to be build near gravahan river that discharge wastes like tepid to warm water that decreases the oxygen content of the river .Factories discharged like hot water, wastewater treatment plants or power vegetation reduces dissolved oxygen levels. This is known as thermal pollution. (Alberta, 2007)

The degree of Incidences of Drinking water Related Ailments (An associated well being risk) of respondents Along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao City with regards to gastrointestinal and skin.

The extent

of incidence of normal water related diseases regarding Gastrointestinal; with consequence of 1.72 that's fairly extensive. It ensures that there is possible to obtain the condition or not in drinking water related disorders in the river of Matina, Gravahan, Davao Metropolis. Although the result is fairly considerable the respondent addressed that the gastrointestinal problem is among the health risks in water related conditions. It might possibly that the different cause of gastrointestinal problems are from the foundation of their drinking water or foods that they are partake because microbes or bacterias are present everywhere and easily adhere to water or foods that individual partaken daily which causes gastrointestinal problems or ailments (Gonzales, 2007). The level of water related disease with regards to skin; with result of 1.49, is not Extensive which means that the drinking water in river of Matina, Gravahan, Davao City will not result in a water related disease regarding skin, And in over-all the mean is certainly 1.61 which is Fairly Extensive, this implies that the extent of incidence of normal water related disorders of respondent along Matina, Gravahan, Davao Metropolis river is that there is in all probability to acquired the drinking water related diseases or certainly not. It possibly the poor hygiene of the people locally causes such skin disease because poor in hygienic procedures contribute the attraction of the microbes and allow them to multiply which skin disease may be the result (Elsivier, 2007).

Exposure to contaminated recreational waters (defined by levels of fecal and other types of indicator bacteria) is associated with adverse health outcomes. The principal health result studied previously provides been gastrointestinal illness. Although some studies included information of frequent skin complaints (e.g. rash or itch) following recreational water exposure, no systematic testimonials own examined the association between indicator levels and skin-related symptoms. Twenty relevant peer-reviewed research were identified. The relative dangers (swimmers vs. non-swimmers) of skin-related symptoms among those exposed to recreational normal water with bacterial indicator concentrations above threshold levels were determined applying meta-analysis. In the same way, the relative risks (swimmers vs. non-swimmers) of skin-related complaints after contact with normal water with bacterial indicator concentrations below threshold amounts were determined. Nevertheless, no significant associations with water quality indicators had been demonstrated for the freshwater indicators examined. Swimmers exposed to marine water at large degrees of several indicator bacteria experience a significant upsurge in skin-related symptoms compared to non-swimmers. This relationship had not been demonstrated in freshwater options (Colford, 2006).

The degree of perceived health risks of human activity of the respondents along Gravahan River Matina, Davao City regarding Human Activities

The degree of perceived health threats of human actions of the respondents along Gravahan river Matina, Davao Town when it comes to human activities; With result of 2.96 that is Moderately Extensive; this implies that the people have less inclined to perceived the degree of health risks in terms of human activities. One aspect that impacts the perception of each individual is the educational background (Jessell, 2009), people live nearby the gravahan river include a less likely or they have knowledge on health threat of their activities however, not into the fully extent of expertise because there are some who are not having an excellent educational background as a result of low money or in financial crisis. Because of poor or unfortunate position of daily living of the people locally, the knowledge and perception is also affected especially within their health status and their activity which as well affect their health (Benard, 2005).

According to the Universe Health Organization (2010), enough quality of water is critical to ensure a healthy environment and human health and wellbeing. The essential requirement per person per day is 20 to 40 liters of water free from damaging contaminants and pathogens for the purposes of drinking and sanitation, rising to 50 liters when bathing and home needs are considered.

In many countries, even so, the amount of drinking water needed daily for drinking and sanitation isn't provided in the required top quality. Developing countries undergoing fast urbanization suffer from lack of sewage treatment conveniences which benefits in the contamination of normal water, thus it becomes a significant cause of illness (which impacts poverty and education) and death.

The significant difference in the perceived health risks of human activities along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City analyzed when it comes to their number of family members.

The number of members of the family below three, four to five, six to seven and above eight has no significant difference in the perceived health risks of human actions along Gravahan river. Therefore that boost size of family does not affect their perception relating to health risk of human activities because educational background has a great effect towards the perception of every individual especially in health (Benard, 2005). Maybe people live nearby the Gravahan river have previously knowledge regarding health even though they varied in amount of family members. Size of the family group does not influence their perception whether big or tiny its probably there are health employees which always reinforce the data or provide teachings in every family regarding their health and wellbeing status because health employees play an important role in terms in health of the city giving health teachings to promote health insurance and illnesses (Hermann, 2006).

Local perceptions and knowledge is important elements in changes in well being risk perception and background in education also have an effect on the perception of individual regarding health (Fernandez, 2005).

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This review was undertaken to determine the Physico-chemical Properties of Freshwater and Perceived HEALTH THREATS of Human Actions. This analysis was conducted during the second semester of the institution year 2009-2010. The analysis answered the following sub-problems:

(1) What is the account of the respondents along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City regarding number of members of the family? (2) What are the physico-chemical properties of normal water along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City with regards to Salinity, Drinking water pH and Oxygen articles. (3) What's the level of Incidences of Normal water Related Ailments (An associated health and wellbeing risk) of respondents Along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao City in conditions of Gastrointestinal and skin? (4) What is the extent of perceived health risks of human being activity of the respondents along Gravahan River Matina, Davao City regarding Human Activities? and (5) Is there a significant difference in the perceived health threats of human activities along Gravahan River, Matina, Davao City analyzed when it comes to their number of members of the family?

This study made utilization of the Descriptive-Design method and Experimental-Clinical design employing water testing resources as data gathering instruments. This method helped the researchers determine the physico-chemical houses or attributes of freshwater and the Perceived Health risks of human actions along Gravahan River Matina, Davao Town. Questionnaire, Interview and ocular study was the foundation for identifying the account and freshwater samples of the study. The water sample gathered was sent to the Production Section of the Quality Control Division of University of Immaculate Conception drinking water testing.

Summary of Findings

The account of the respondents along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao City in terms of number of family. how big is the family has three, four, five, six, seven, eight and offers nine family. The physico- chemical properties of freshwater with regards to salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen in downstream, midstream and upstream place of Gravahan is usual. The Degree of Incidences of Water Related Conditions along Gravahan river, Matina Davao city when it comes to Gastrointestinal diseases is rather extensive and not extensive regarding skin diseases. The degree of perceived health risks of human actions of the respondents along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City when it comes to human activities is Moderately In depth. The factor in the perceived health threats of human activities analyzed with regards to their number of members of the family shows that the amount of family members below three, four to five, six to seven and above eight has no factor in the perceived health threats of human activities along gravahan river and our hypothesis was being accepted.

Conclusions

Gravahan river includes a normal content of unique physico-chemical properties in terms in of Salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen content and is secure for the people in the community to use.

The extent of incidence of drinking water related diseases in conditions of Gastrointestinal is rather extensive, which implies that there is possible to obtain the disease or not in water related illnesses in the river of Matina, Gravahan, Davao City.

The overall level of incidence of drinking water related diseases of respondent along Matina, Gravahan, Davao Town river is not extensive. There is probability to acquire the water related illnesses or not.

The level of perceived health risks of human actions of the respondents along Gravahan river Matina, Davao City when it comes to human actions is moderate which implies that the people have not as likely own the contribution to the extent of perceived health risks in terms of human activities.

The increase size of family does not affect their perception regarding health threat of human activities.

Recommendations

Family planning education ought to be actively pursued by relevant organizations

including and not limited by the National Population Council, Non- Governmental

Organizations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organization (CBOs).

More so, people should be made, through education, of the undesireable effects of

giving birth to even more children. This would be required to discourage people from

having large family sizes in persons of the city.

Giving input or overall health teachings by medical care team like correct hand washing, right hygiene and right storing of water is essential and consistently to ensure that the people to bear within their head and apply all teaching that they discovered in preventing from getting those disease

There should be a memorandum to the barangay officials that each year they need to plant deep rooted trees to prevent the increase of sodium in the river and local government must monitor and verify the position of the river not merely in physico chemical homes but also check and check the water for existence of any bacterias to alarm and warn the persons in the community regarding the position of the river whether it is safe or not.

Swimming, and cleansing in the river should be avoided to be able to prevent the occurring of the illnesses

A more comprehensive and intensive study will be applied by the future batches of UM nursing scholar regarding on perceived health and wellbeing risk on human actions and physico chemical houses of freshwater along Gravahan river, Matina, Davao Metropolis.